Primary conceptual case
Deleuze directly uses the film to establish, distinguish, or deepen a concept.
Deleuze’s conceptual cases, brief mentions, later scholarly cases, and contemporary extensions cannot be collapsed. Evidence tiers protect conceptual precision while letting world and Chinese cinemas revise the theory in return.
Deleuze directly uses the film to establish, distinguish, or deepen a concept.
The film appears in Cinema 2 as a brief example, list item, or supporting mention.
Established by a named monograph, article, or special issue; never presented as Deleuze’s own case.
A testable proposition for further analysis, neither a primary-source fact nor a claim of scholarly consensus.
If flashback supplies clues for action, it still serves psychological causality and linear narration.
The crystal requires reciprocal exchange between actual and virtual, not one copying the other.
Duration matters conceptually only when it changes relations among action, space, and time.
70 films
晩春 · 1949
Yasujirō Ozu / 小津安二郎
The vase still life intervenes between the daughter’s smile and tears. Rather than symbolize a psychology, it places change within time’s unchanging form.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, pp. 15, 17Criterion CollectionGermania anno zero · 1948
Roberto Rossellini / 罗伯托·罗西里尼
Ruins cease to be an environment that action can repair. The child becomes a seer before the intolerable, and the action-chain collapses from within.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, Preface pp. x–xi; ch. 1, p. 2Europa ’51 · 1952
Roberto Rossellini / 罗伯托·罗西里尼
In the factory, the protagonist sees not a social problem awaiting solution but an optical situation too strong for habitual ethics of action.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, Preface pp. x–xi; ch. 1, pp. 2, 21; ch. 3, pp. 46–47, 56; ch. 7, p. 176Stromboli, terra di Dio · 1950
Roberto Rossellini / 罗伯托·罗西里尼
The volcano’s beauty and pain exceed any executable response, turning the protagonist from agent into a seer struck by a limit situation.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, Preface pp. x–xi; ch. 1, pp. 2, 18; ch. 3, p. 48L’avventura · 1960
Michelangelo Antonioni / 米开朗基罗·安东尼奥尼
The disappearance ceases to propel action as a solvable mystery; islands, architecture, and bodily attitudes give duration to the void within relations.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, pp. 6, 9Criterion CollectionCitizen Kane · 1941
Orson Welles / 奥逊·威尔斯
Witnesses do not assemble one past; they search different sheets of the past for a Kane who cannot be actualized as a complete truth.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 4, pp. 73, 78, 91; ch. 5, pp. 105, 110–11, 115–19; ch. 6, p. 153Library of Congress essayThe Lady from Shanghai · 1947
Orson Welles / 奥逊·威尔斯
The hall of mirrors becomes crystalline not through mirrors alone but because bodies, doubles, deception, and destruction lose stable ontological priority in reflection.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 4, pp. 73, 76; ch. 5, pp. 118–21; ch. 6, pp. 144, 150L’Année dernière à Marienbad · 1961
Alain Resnais / 阿伦·雷乃
Its bifocal construction matters: Robbe-Grillet organizes incompatible peaks of the present, while Resnais places characters in coexisting sheets of the past. It is not merely a puzzle of true versus false memory.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, p. 8; ch. 2, p. 39; ch. 4, pp. 79–80; ch. 5, pp. 106, 108, 122, 124, 127–30; ch. 9, p. 256Criterion CollectionHiroshima mon amour · 1959
Alain Resnais / 阿伦·雷乃
Private memory and historical catastrophe do not represent one another; sound and image place incommensurable experiences within one interval, making forgetting temporal structure.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 5, pp. 123, 125, 127Criterion CollectionJe t’aime, je t’aime · 1968
Alain Resnais / 阿伦·雷乃
The time machine cannot return to a former present with precision; it throws the protagonist among repeatedly contracting sheets of the past.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 4, p. 86; ch. 5, pp. 121–28; ch. 8, pp. 213–14, 219–20; ch. 10, pp. 273, 284F for Fake · completed 1973 / released 1975
Orson Welles / 奥逊·威尔斯
Each expert, forger, director, and narrator passes the tribunal to another. The question becomes not who tells the truth but whose power can create.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 6, p. 150; Cinema seminar 1983–84Criterion Collection8½ · 1963
Federico Fellini / 费德里科·费里尼
Reality, memory, fantasy, rehearsal, and the film project crystallize together; the unfinished work is both seed and environment absorbing life.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, p. 8; ch. 3, p. 57; ch. 4, pp. 79, 92, 94–96Criterion CollectionMorte a Venezia · 1971
Luchino Visconti / 卢奇诺·维斯康蒂
Artistic ideal, aristocratic world, and decaying body are caught in a crystal of too late; preservation simultaneously reveals decomposition from within.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 4, pp. 97, 100Teorema · 1968
Pier Paolo Pasolini / 皮埃尔·保罗·帕索里尼
The visitor’s arrival distributes consequences like a theorem, yet his departure leaves an unsolved problem. Bodies, desert, and scream force thought toward an outside.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 7, pp. 179–81Passion · 1982
Jean-Luc Godard / 让-吕克·戈达尔
Tableaux vivants, factory labour, and failed production do not converge on an answer. The film turns theorem into problem and relinks bodies, images, and sounds across intervals.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, p. 10; ch. 4, pp. 79, 81; ch. 7, p. 178; ch. 8, p. 199; ch. 10, p. 283India Song · 1975
Marguerite Duras / 玛格丽特·杜拉斯
Voices no longer belong to visible bodies and images do not illustrate voices; two autonomous series meet at the edge of an absent event.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 9, pp. 257, 263–64Criterion Collection2001: A Space Odyssey · 1968
Stanley Kubrick / 斯坦利·库布里克
Space is not merely a setting but a topology of the brain; HAL and humans mirror one another across automatism, choice, and thought’s impotence.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 8, p. 212; ch. 9, p. 239; ch. 10, p. 272Warner Bros. official trailerUmberto D. · 1952
Vittorio De Sica / 维托里奥·德西卡
The maid’s small morning tasks are no longer compressed into narrative transition. Seeing, waiting, and fatigue give everyday life optical density of its own.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, pp. 2, 4, 7L’eclisse · 1962
Michelangelo Antonioni / 米开朗基罗·安东尼奥尼
After characters and rendezvous withdraw from the ending, places, objects, wind, and city noise persist. Time is no longer measured by relational action.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, pp. 5–6, 9; ch. 9, p. 243Professione: reporter · 1975
Michelangelo Antonioni / 米开朗基罗·安东尼奥尼
The exchanged identity does not restore a masterful subjective centre; relations between camera and character perception unsettle the objective/subjective divide.
Evidence: P2 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, p. 9Pickpocket · 1959
Robert Bresson / 罗伯特·布列松
Hands, pockets, wallets, and relays connect a space that can never be surveyed as a whole. Tactile relations replace mastery through complete action-space.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, p. 13麦秋 · 1951
Yasujirō Ozu / 小津安二郎
The camera withdraws to hold the figure, then advances into a corridor that now belongs to her home. False continuity detaches space from action’s coordinates.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, p. 16BFI Player秋刀魚の味 · 1962
Yasujirō Ozu / 小津安二郎
The father’s tears after the wedding are not elevated into a decisive, destiny-changing instant. Death, separation, and grief remain within the series of the everyday.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, pp. 14–15Pierrot le fou · 1965
Jean-Luc Godard / 让-吕克·戈达尔
Words, colours, bodies, songs, and quotations no longer obey one internal monologue. Thought is forced in the intervals between their series.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 1, p. 10; ch. 7, pp. 189, 191–92; ch. 8, p. 200; ch. 9, p. 255Criterion CollectionLe Jour se lève · 1939
Marcel Carné / 马塞尔·卡尔内
The recollection circuit in the sealed room organizes the past as destiny. It also shows why flashback remains a recollection-image rather than becoming direct time merely through retrospection.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 3, pp. 49–50, 57; ch. 4, pp. 71, 96All About Eve · 1950
Joseph L. Mankiewicz / 约瑟夫·L·曼凯维奇
Multiple recollections do more than supply backstory; they return to conditional points where time might have taken another course, exposing its forks.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 3, pp. 50–51, 53A Letter to Three Wives · 1949
Joseph L. Mankiewicz / 约瑟夫·L·曼凯维奇
The absent woman’s voice hangs over three marriages at once. Its displaced source and three possible consequences make time fork around one threat.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 3, pp. 50, 52–53An American in Paris · 1951
Vincente Minnelli / 文森特·明奈利
The musical is not merely an episode inside a character’s head. Sets, colour, and ensemble movement carry the whole world into motion as an implied dream.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 3, p. 63Singin’ in the Rain · 1952
Stanley Donen & Gene Kelly / 斯坦利·多南、吉恩·凯利
Street, rain, props, and studio cease to be backgrounds for action and become a world capable of moving through the musical itself.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 3, pp. 62–64PlayTime · 1967
Jacques Tati / 雅克·塔蒂
Glass, reflections, machine noise, and distant actions disperse the comic centre. Sonic gags no longer function as subordinate effects of visible action.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 3, p. 68; ch. 9, p. 240Lola Montès · 1955
Max Ophüls / 马克斯·奥菲尔斯
The circus present rolls a series of virtual pasts inside itself. Flashback is a route through the crystal, not the sufficient condition for one.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 4, pp. 86–87La Règle du jeu · 1939
Jean Renoir / 让·雷诺阿
Theatre and life, masters and servants, roles and reality nest within one another while retaining a fissure through which escape remains possible: the cracked crystal.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 4, pp. 88–91; ch. 5, pp. 113–14Criterion CollectionЗеркало · 1974
Andrei Tarkovsky / 安德烈·塔可夫斯基
Deleuze explicitly calls it a turning crystal: mother and wife, childhood and present, memory and perception exchange actual and virtual positions.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 4, p. 78Mosfilm official filmСолярис · 1972
Andrei Tarkovsky / 安德烈·塔可夫斯基
Memory acquires an actual body on Solaris, forming a circuit with the virtual past. Cinema 2 uses it only as a nearby brief example, not a sustained central analysis.
Evidence: P2 · Cinema 2, ch. 4, p. 78Mosfilm official filmL’Immortelle · 1963
Alain Robbe-Grillet / 阿兰·罗布-格里耶
Differences among repeated scenes cannot be reduced to one true version. Each present holds in its own right, forming inexplicable peaks of the present.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 5, p. 106L’Homme qui ment · 1968
Alain Robbe-Grillet / 阿兰·罗布-格里耶
Each telling transforms narrator, characters, and world instead of leading back to a hidden correct version. Falsification becomes a power of becoming.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 5, pp. 106–07; ch. 6, pp. 137–38; ch. 9, pp. 257, 266Le Charme discret de la bourgeoisie · 1972
Luis Buñuel / 路易斯·布努埃尔
The meal repeatedly restarts through dream, performance, or interruption. Present versions replace one another without a final hierarchy; Cinema 2 treats it only briefly.
Evidence: P2 · Cinema 2, ch. 5, p. 108Muriel ou Le Temps d’un retour · 1963
Alain Resnais / 阿伦·雷乃
The Algerian War past cannot be summoned as a complete scene; short montage, rooms, and speech continually transform it across different sheets.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 5, pp. 121, 123, 125–29; ch. 6, p. 139; ch. 9, p. 247Jaguar · 1967
Jean Rouch / 让·鲁什
Participants narrate and perform their journey after the fact, making filmmakers and characters become other through the story rather than documenting fixed identities.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 6, p. 156Moi, un noir · 1958
Jean Rouch / 让·鲁什
Borrowed names, post-recorded voices, and lived experience rewrite one another. Fiction does not conceal reality but opens minor speech and collective enunciation.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 6, p. 156; ch. 8, p. 230Pour la suite du monde · 1963
Pierre Perrault & Michel Brault / 皮埃尔·佩罗、米歇尔·布罗
Reviving the beluga hunt is both action and storytelling. Through filming, the community reinvents memory and produces an unfinished people in speech acts.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 6, p. 155; ch. 8, pp. 227, 229National Film Board of CanadaGertrud · 1964
Carl Theodor Dreyer / 卡尔·西奥多·德莱叶
Choice no longer follows calculable consequences but becomes a mode of existence. Bodily attitudes and disconnected planar relations let belief replace knowledge.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 2, p. 41; ch. 7, pp. 176, 181–82Faces · 1968
John Cassavetes / 约翰·卡萨维蒂
Laughter, fatigue, drunkenness, and suddenly frozen faces no longer lead to stable psychology. The linkage of bodily attitudes directly reveals time wearing relations down.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 6, p. 159; ch. 8, p. 199A Woman Under the Influence · 1974
John Cassavetes / 约翰·卡萨维蒂
Family order cannot normalize attitudes into readable behaviour. Hesitation, excess, and waiting retain their own bodily time. Cinema 2 mentions the film only briefly.
Evidence: P2 · Cinema 2, ch. 8, p. 199Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles · 1975
Chantal Akerman / 香特尔·阿克曼
Cooking, cleaning, waiting, and counting appear in their full duration. Minute disorder first develops in body and ceremony rather than being explained by plot.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 8, p. 202Criterion CollectionThe Shining · 1980
Stanley Kubrick / 斯坦利·库布里克
Hotel, maze, corridor, and repetition form a world-brain circuit in which inside and outside, perception and hallucination, can no longer be stably decided; the spatial series itself becomes the machine of terror.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 8, p. 212Warner Bros. official trailerDeus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol · 1964
Glauber Rocha / 格劳贝尔·罗恰
Popular myth does not speak for an already completed people. Trance, violence, and shifting allegiance expose a people still missing and therefore needing creation.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 8, pp. 225, 229Trop tôt, trop tard · 1981
Danièle Huillet & Jean-Marie Straub / 达尼埃尔·于伊耶、让-马里·斯特劳布
Landscape does not illustrate the historical text. Present land and invisible class struggle form strata while sound and visual image retain their boundaries.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 9, p. 251Straub–Huillet official archiveDalla nube alla resistenza · 1979
Danièle Huillet & Jean-Marie Straub / 达尼埃尔·于伊耶、让-马里·斯特劳布
Mythic text, postwar resistance, and filmed land form distinct strata. Speech acts do not explain the image but awaken its historical pressure across irrational cuts.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 9, pp. 251–52, 260–62, 265Hitler, ein Film aus Deutschland · 1977
Hans-Jürgen Syberberg / 汉斯-于尔根·西贝尔伯格
Archive, puppet, performance, recording, and myth are not sutured into transparent history. The information machine itself becomes the spiritual automaton under critique.
Evidence: P1 · Cinema 2, ch. 10, pp. 271, 274–75Five Dedicated to Ozu · 2003
Abbas Kiarostami / 阿巴斯·基亚罗斯塔米
Human action leaves the centre; waves, driftwood, moonlight, frogs, and rain become temporal events that must be watched and heard.
Evidence: Deamer, Deleuze’s Cinema Books, pp. 299–304Janus FilmsBlack Swan · 2010
Darren Aronofsky / 达伦·阿伦诺夫斯基
The reflected double is not an appendix to subjective fantasy; it continually transforms the actual body and identity in return.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 305–308Searchlight officialSelf Made · premiered 2010 / released 2011
Gillian Wearing / 吉莉安·韦尔林
Documentary performance training and fictional roles alternate between clarity and opacity; no stable true identity stands behind performance.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 309–313BFI PlayerSynecdoche, New York · 2008
Charlie Kaufman / 查理·考夫曼
A theatrical seed crystallizes an urban environment until the duplicate world absorbs reality; local and total continually produce one another.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 314–316Sony Picturesลุงบุญมีระลึกชาติ · 2010
Apichatpong Weerasethakul / 阿彼察邦·韦拉斯哈古
The dead, the living, animals, and former lives do not queue into the present; incompatible times hold on the same perceptual plane.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 317–319Strand ReleasingРусский ковчег · 2002
Alexander Sokurov / 亚历山大·索科洛夫
The single take does not restore history to a linear present; the Hermitage becomes traversable sheets of the past.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 320–324Kino Lorber二十四城记 · 2008
Jia Zhangke / 贾樟柯
Actors and workers share the form of testimony; truth and falsity are not pre-adjudicated by face or identity but reproduced by the narrative series.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 325–327Cinema GuildI’m Not There · 2007
Todd Haynes / 托德·海因斯
Six bodies do not imitate one unified Dylan; identity emerges among heterogeneous attitudes, voices, and bodily surfaces.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 328–329Danish Film InstitutePolițist, adjectiv · 2009
Corneliu Porumboiu / 科内利乌·波隆波尤
Dictionary, blackboard, command, attitude, and rank assemble bodies into institutional ritual; gestus is a configuration of social relations.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 330–334Film at Lincoln CenterDogville · 2003
Lars von Trier / 拉斯·冯·提尔
Black stage, white lines, and invisible doors turn setting into a map of thought; space reveals a relational machine rather than representing nature.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 335–336Danish Film InstituteEnter the Void · 2009
Gaspar Noé / 加斯帕·诺
City, memory, body, and possible futures interweave; viewing cannot be completed by recognizing objects but requires reading relations among image strata.
Evidence: Deamer, 2016, pp. 337–344Festival de Cannes花樣年華 · 2000
Wong Kar-wai / 王家卫
Corridors, music, rehearsal, and repetition let an unrealized relation persist virtually. This is a contemporary analytical proposition, not Deleuze’s own case.
Evidence: Editorial research proposition; not a named case in Cinema 2Mulholland Drive · 2001
David Lynch / 大卫·林奇
Identity, performance, and memory rewrite one another; a valid analysis must specify the actual/virtual circuit rather than merely invoke a dream twist.
Evidence: Editorial research proposition; not a named case in Cinema 2สัตว์ประหลาด! · 2004
Apichatpong Weerasethakul / 阿彼察邦·韦拉斯哈古
The film’s rupture produces a new perceptual regime among love, legend, human-animal becoming, and forest; it should test the postwar European model rather than merely occupy a ready-made slot.
Evidence: Editorial world-cinema proposition; not a named case in Cinema 2Bir Zamanlar Anadolu’da · 2011
Nuri Bilge Ceylan / 努里·比格·锡兰
The repeatedly failing night search lets landscape, waiting, corpse, and ordinary labour form a spectral temporality of death, explicitly argued in the 2025 special issue.
Evidence: Death-Images special issue, 2025Death-Images issueRendez-vous avec Pol Pot · 2024
Rithy Panh / 潘礼德
Re-enactment, archive, and absent bodies suspend genocidal time; this is a contemporary time-/death-image analysis advanced by the 2025 issue.
Evidence: Death-Images special issue, 2025Death-Images issue不散 · 2003
Tsai Ming-liang / 蔡明亮
It is not a time-image merely because it is slow. The analysis lies in how theatre space, spectral spectators, waiting, and cinematic memory deprive action of its object.
Evidence: Editorial proposition informed by slow-cinema debates; not a named case in Cinema 2路边野餐 · 2015
Bi Gan / 毕赣
The long take is not the criterion. Analysis must show how the Dangmai sequence lets search, past, future premonition, and spatial traversal coexist within one present.
Evidence: Editorial research proposition; requires shot-level analysis地球最后的夜晚 · 2018
Bi Gan / 毕赣
The key is not the 2D-to-3D shift or dream as such, but whether dream repairs action or opens an indiscernible actual/virtual circuit.
Evidence: Editorial research proposition; not a named case in Cinema 2三峡好人 · 2006
Jia Zhangke / 贾樟柯
Demolition space, broken relations, and sudden unreal objects remove the coordinates of action; local history must be analyzed so European theory does not overwrite Chinese experience.
Evidence: Editorial world-cinema proposition; not a named case in Cinema 2